What are NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)?
NSAIDs, short for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are pain and anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen, diclofenac or naproxen. They inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes and are commonly used in osteoarthritis, among other conditions.
NSAIDs explained simply
The drug class gets its name from two features: it is non-steroidal (not cortisone) and it counters inflammation, pain and fever. The mechanism: NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), an enzyme that produces prostaglandins. Prostaglandins mediate pain and inflammation but also protect the stomach lining and regulate kidney blood flow. This is where the side effects come from.
Ibuprofen is available over the counter in low doses; diclofenac in higher doses is prescription-only and often prescribed for osteoarthritis.
Well-known NSAIDs
A selection.
| Active substance | Availability | Typical use |
|---|---|---|
| Active substance Ibuprofen | Availability low dose over the counter | Typical use pain, fever, inflammation |
| Active substance Diclofenac | Availability higher dose prescription-only | Typical use joint disease, rheumatism |
| Active substance Naproxen | Availability over the counter or prescription-only, depending on country and dose | Typical use pain, joint inflammation |
Risks with longer use
NSAIDs are effective but not risk-free, especially with long-term use and higher doses:
- Stomach and gut: irritation, ulcers, bleeding.
- Kidneys: reduced blood flow, particularly in older people or with dehydration.
- Cardiovascular: depending on drug and dose, increased risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular events.
That is why many people with chronic joint complaints look for alternatives. This is understandable, but stopping or replacing medication on your own is not a good idea.
NSAIDs and curcumin in studies
In a frequently cited trial with 367 people with knee osteoarthritis, 1,200 mg ibuprofen daily was compared with 1,500 mg turmeric extract (Curcuma domestica) over four weeks. Both groups reported fewer symptoms on the WOMAC index; the extract group had fewer stomach complaints.
This is a single study and no proof that curcumin can replace an NSAID. Our blog makes this clear: curcumin is being investigated as a possible complement, not as a substitute for physician-prescribed therapy.
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between NSAIDs and cortisone? Cortisone is a steroid and acts strongly anti-inflammatory via hormone receptors. NSAIDs are non-steroidal and selectively inhibit cyclooxygenases. The two have different side-effect profiles.
Why are NSAIDs often taken only briefly in osteoarthritis? Because of the risks with long-term use, the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible time is usually recommended. Stomach protection can make sense for at-risk patients.
What about paracetamol? Paracetamol is not an NSAID; it relieves pain and reduces fever but has hardly any anti-inflammatory effect.
Can I take curcumin instead of NSAIDs? That cannot be inferred from studies. Discuss any change to your pain therapy with your treating doctor.
Never stop prescribed pain medication without medical advice. Whether curcumin combined with NSAIDs has additional effects on the stomach or bleeding has not been conclusively studied. Discuss the combination with your doctor. Not medical advice.
